Disinfectant Investigation

Aim:

I want to investigate different disinfectant concentrations can affect the growth and reproduction of micro-organisms (Bacteria).

Research

Chloroxylenol, also known as para-chloro-meta-xylenol (PCMX), is an antiseptic and disinfectant which is used for skin disinfection and cleaning surgical instruments. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroxylenol)

Hypothesis

I think the more concentrated the Detol is, the more bacteria it would kill.

Variables

Independent Variable:

The variable I will be changing is the disinfectant, I will do this by adding the same amount of disinfectant to different amounts of water

I will use:

• Full strength Dettol.
• The manufacturer's instructions.
• No Dettol just water.
• Diluted Dettol

Dependent Variable

The dependent variable I will be measuring is the size of the clear zone around the Dettol disk. I will measure the diameter of the clear zone using a ruler, which then I can use the formula π x radius^2 to get the area of the clear zone, I can get the radius by halving the diameter of the clear zone.

Other Variables

Other variables that can impact the outcome of the experiments are...

• Growing temperature - we need to grow the bacteria at the same temperature.
• Growing medium - we need to grow the bacteria on the same medium.
• Growing time - we need to grow the bacteria for the same amount of time.
• Size of the disk - we need to make sure that we have the same amount of Dettol. 

Reliability

To ensure reliability, I will repeat the experiment three times.

Equipment

• Detol
• Vivid
• Water
• Filter Paper
• Agar Plate
• Sellotape
• Hole Punch
• A solution of bacteria
• Pippete
• Tweezers
• Ruler

Method

1. Gather equipment needed
2. Punch out 4 disks of filter paper using the hole punch
3. Using a pipette, transfer some of the bacterial solution onto the agar plate and then swirl until it covers the surface of the agar plate, then tip out the excess solution from the agar plate.
4. Mark the agar plate into quadrants using a vivid.
5. Label the quadrants using the vivid making sure you label the bottom so the top can't spin around. Since the bacterial solution won't move on the bottom the label will always remain the same.
6. Make the solutions, by mixing 400ml's of water with one cap full of Dettol to make the manufacturers instructions and then by adding another 400ml's of water we created a weaker concentration.
7. Place filter paper in each different strength of Dettol, starting with water to the weaker solution then to manufacturers instructions then to the full strength and every time you use different strengths of the Dettol shake/wash the tweezers so you don't get extra solutions onto the bacteria which then could ruin your experiment.  
8. Label the agar plate with your name so you can identify. Once labelled seal off the agar plate with sellotape. 
9. Incubate upside down so moister falls to the bottom at 20 degrees for 24 hours.
10. Observer the agar plate. Use a ruler to measure the diameter of the clear zone around each disk.
11. Repeat experiment

Results

	Plate 1	Plate 2	Plate 3	Plate 4	Average
Full Strength	40mm	20mm	15mm	37mm	30mm
Manufacturers Instructions	15mm	14mm	12mm	20mm	15mm
Diluted Dettol	15mm	12mm	6mm	12mm	11mm
Water	8mm	10mm	4mm	9mm	8mm

Plate 1


Plate 2














Plate 3


Plate 4


The aim of the investigation was to see how the different concentrations of Dettol would affect the growth of bacteria. My graph shows an increasing trend. This means that as the concentration increased the clear zone increased in diameter, meaning the higher the concentration, the more bacteria it killed.


How did we figure out the percentage of the different concentration?

For full strength, we know it is 100% since we didn't add or dilute the concentration.
For water, we know it is 0% since we didn't add any Dettol.
For manufacturers instruction we added 20ml's of Dettol and 400mls of water, we figured out the percentage by using 20/420, the second number is 420 because we added 400ml's to 20ml's (400:20) so it is 20/420 which equals 5.
For the diluted manufacturer's instruction, we added 400ml to the current manufacturer's instruction, meaning there is 800ml's of water to 15ml's of Dettol (800:20) so that means we have 820mls in total liquid, so we do 20/820 to figure out the percentage of concentration which is 2.5%. 

Discussion

What happened to the bacteria?

Bacteria is a microscopic single-celled organism that has no nucleus. Bacteria have a cellular structure as seen in the left picture. The outer layer is called a capsule, this protects the bacteria/bacterium. Between the capsule and the cell membrane there is a cell wall, this protects the cell contents and keeps the structure of the cell. After the cell wall there is a cell membrane, this controls what enters and exits the cell. Philis is located around the capsule but comes out from the cell membrane, this allows the bacteria to sense around them and attach themselves to other cells. Flagellum (Tail) allows the bacteria to move around. Inside the bacteria, there is plasmid, ribosomes, cytoplasm and the DNA.

The plasmid is a part of the DNA that has no essential processes, the ribosomes are where the proteins are made, cytoplasm is the jelly fluid in the bacteria that create chemical reactions and the DNA is the genetic information for the bacteria. Bacteria reproduce through a process called "binary fission" this is where the cell replicates the DNA inside and then elongates/grows, then it starts to divide, once they divide it creates 2 daughter cells as seen in the image above. There are two ways of bacteria receiving nutrition, one is diffusion, this is where particles from a high to low concentration, just like a sponge in water. The other way is active transport, this is where the bacteria uses a pump to suck in the nutrients, they only do this when there is not as many nutrients around as seen in the image on the right.

The bacteria killed off by a chemical in the Dettol called chloroxylenol (PCMX C₈H₉OCl), this
chemical is found in most household cleaning items. This chemical kills the bacteria by destrupting the cell wall and stopping the functions of the enzymes (proteins or chemicals that has a function), which are used for growth, reproductions, since this is what is the basic structure every living things needs, the bacteria will be unable to continue meaning they will be killed off. In my clear zones I noticed some bacteria that weren't killed by the Dettol, this might have been because the active chemical that kills bacteria in Dettol chloroxylenol is very effective against gram positive bacteria and not against gram negative bacteria. Another possible reason for bacteria growing in the clear zone is that some of the bacteria could be resisted towards antiseptics. With this experiment, I now know that I can implement this when I am using Dettol to clean at home. Since I know that I do not require full strength Dettol to kill our everyday household bacteria, instead we can diluted the Dettol by like 400ml's for every 15ml's of Dettol used and still get the same effect as full strength Dettol since only a little bit of Dettol is needed to kill bacteria, but if we use too diluted water there will be barely any of the chemicals that killed the bacteria getting into the bacteria cell. Through a process called diffusion, the chemicals from Dettol would be able to get into the bacteria cell killing the bacteria.

Evaluation

Concentration	Plate 1	Plate 2	Plate 3	Plate 4	Average
Full Strength 100	40mm	20mm	24mm	37mm	30
Manufacturers Solution 5	15mm	14mm	12mm	20mm	15
Diluted Manufacturers 2.5	15mm	12mm	6mm	12mm	11
Water 0	8mm	10mm	4mm	9mm	8

I think this investigation went good. This was successful because we were able to see the clear zones of the bacteria killed. This is reliable because I collected 3 different results and came out with some reliable results. There were a couple anomalies in my data which includes in all the plate for the diluted manufacturers solution there is a 15 mm, 12 mm, and 6 mm, this might be because of us forgetting to clean the tweezers or us mixing around the solutions. For the water solution there shouldn't be a single bacteria killed but there is some, this might be because since there is chlorine in our water system, that might be killed our bacteria. This means that if we want to repeat this experiment we might need to used distilled water (boiled or bottled) and remembering to clean the tweezers. I wasn't able to calculate the areas of the bacteria killed since the bacteria that was growing in the clear zone and that the circles were perfectly rounded.

 

Seismograph Project

So we were given a task of trying to create a working seismograph or able to create a strip of paper with all the spikes drawn on using anything from tape to boxes.
We gathered couple ideas on the internet like adding weights to the drawing part of the so it doesn't jump while you're shaking it.

Day 1

We have just finished planning what we’re going to do.  We're going to get a cup, cut a hole near the top and put the string through to hold it up, and through the top of the box so it hangs. And have stones to hold it down so it doesn’t wobble if people walk past and a hole in the middle to have the pen to sit through and hot glue to hold it in place.

Day 2

We finished designing the box and about to make the bit that draws on the paper next lesson we will make the drawing part.

Day 3

We have started to work on the drawing part of the seismograph. Our first attempt didn’t do very well because when we shook the seismograph the pen didn’t just go in one direction. We continued to try to make it go one way but we haven’t been very successful so far, next time we will try to stabilize the pen by tying the string through the cup so it goes one way.

This is our first attempt:

Day 4

We tried again at getting the drawing part to work. We have it going the right way but sometimes the pen doesn’t stay on the paper. Next, we are going to add more pebbles so the pen will stay on the paper constantly.

Day 5

Our pen dried out because we forgot to put a lid on it, so we had to try remove it from our seismograph and swap it. We added more weights to the cup so that the pen will stay on the paper and tested it out.

These are our last and best attempts. They aren’t the greatest but it worked way better than we thought and the pen managed to stay on the paper the whole time.The last one worked better because the pen didn’t get stuck in some places like the first one, but the lines are curved instead of straight.

2017 Year 10 pbl - Xing

Callum, Xing and I are in the group ‘Pizza Hut’. The topic we have chosen for our project is litter. This is a very big issue all around the world. We have noticed that in our parks around Hornby there is a lot of litter, even in places with bins just a meter away. The world is being polluted because of the amount of rubbish just lying around or getting blown into the oceans. We've done some research on several sites listed below. We have found out things such as:

• 33% of litter is cigarettes.
• The US spends 11.5 billion dollars each year on litter clean up. 
• It's causing pollution.
• It is harming wildlife and sea life.
• It doesn't do any good for our environment.

Litter is a huge problem and we may not be able to help much but we would like to try to in the area we live in. We are thinking of going to a few parks in the Hornby area to go pick up rubbish we find on the ground. We would also like to put up some posters around our school to tell students know the consequences of putting rubbish on the ground instead of the bins. We hope to provide awareness to people about what can happen when they drop even one piece of rubbish. We know we can't get rid of the problem but hopefully, we can make even a small difference in our community.

https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-problems-solutions-littering.php#

https://scienceleadership.org/blog/littering_and_its_effect_on_the_environment

ttp://www.flagstaff.az.gov/DocumentCenter/Home/View/6817

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litter


  

Steps needed to achieve the goal.	What will help us achieve this goal?(Enablers)	Possible barriers and how they could be overcome.	Who is responsible for this step?	Date this step will be achieved by.
GEt rubbish bags and gloves.	The support of our kind teachers and each other	Not being able to get equipment - improvise Raining - wear a jacket or go the next day.	Everyone

Steps needed to achieve the goal.	What will help us achieve this goal?(Enablers)	Possible barriers and how they could be overcome.	Who is responsible for this step?	Date this step will be achieved by.
Make posters and copies. Find places in the school to put them up where people will see them.	Permission to put up posters around the school. Possibly could	No paper or ink - Hand draw them People ripping them off - put them back up	everyone

 

Steps needed to achieve the goal.	What will help us achieve this goal?(Enablers)	Possible barriers and how they could be overcome.	Who is responsible for this step?	Date this step will be achieved by.
To acquire permission to leave school and pick up rubbish around the hornby area.	The school .	If its raining we can get rain jackets, Not gaining permission	Whole group

  

Steps needed to achieve the goal.	What will help us achieve this goal?(Enablers)	Possible barriers and how they could be overcome.	Who is responsible for this step?	Date this step will be achieved by.
Email City Council to Organise rewards for people to help	People to help us edit the email	They might reject us and we won't get the help from other people	Our group	20/11/17

21/11/17

We started to put our first action plan of creating our posters,  we printed 20 copies and started posting them around the school. The disablers that we faced is that after we put them out was that most of them were ripped off. We were hoping that the students looked at them and actually started putting their rubbish in the bin instead of the floor. The outcome of this was that we managed to post all our posters up and raised awareness of people putting their rubbish in the bin, the enablers were that we were supplied with all our. Hopefully we will see less rubbish around the school.

23/11/17
Our second action plan. Today we ask the office to see if they had some equipment we need to pick up rubbish from the school. Lucky they had everything that we needed which enable us to be able to pick up rubbish and clean the school up a bit by bit. We went through corridors, and even bushes to clean up the litter.


28/11/17
Our third action plan included picking up rubbish at Denton Park & Kyle Park. We filled in the form the day before which allowed us to leave the school. We went to Kyle Park first, there was barely any rubbish/litter, but when we arrived at Denton we just saw rubbish everywhere. We went through bushes looking for rubbish. We managed to fill up 2 bags of rubbish mostly filled with alcohol bottles. We left the bags of rubbish next to a bin so the rubbish would be collected.

Reflection:

For our topic for PBL it was about litter. We had 2 action plans, make posters and put them up and go around the school and pick up rubbish and the parks. We did the posters to create awareness to put rubbish in the bins. Everything went to plan as accorded, but we didn't have much as a big impact on the community as we thought. Things that enabled us were that access to materials like printer and tape to help us post the posters up and gloves and rubbish bags to help us pick up the rubbish. We hope we made some impact on the community even if its just one person putting their rubbish in the bins. I feel like we didn't spend our time properly and thats why we could have done better for next time.